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Cetyl Myristoleate - A Unique
Natural Compound Valuable in Arthritis Conditions
Author
Cochran, Charles; Dent, Raymond
Article
Cetyl Myristoleate -- A Unique Natural Compound Valuable in Arthritis
Conditions
Introduction
Arthritis is a disease of epidemic proportions, but it has been around for
so many centuries that it is considered by most people as a part of growing
old or a consequence of physical injury. Arthritis is in fact a far more
complex disease than is generally known. For instance, Dorland's Medical
Dictionary describes 27 different types of arthritis, and that does not
include such diverse conditions as systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma,
fibromyalgia, and numerous other conditions which some authorities consider
to be types of arthritis.(1) One authority states that there are
approximately 100 causes for arthritis.(2)
Arthritis is thought to affect more than 50 million Americans, and is
generally accepted to be the leading cause of movement limitation and
disability. It deserves and receives a great deal of research and medical
attention. There are hundreds of drugs, procedures, and medical aids and
devices directed at coping with the many manifestations of the disease.
Given this degree of complexity, certainly no one agent alone could ever be
expected to manage or cure "arthritis" in its entirety. New agents take
their place in the spectrum and make a contribution. Now there is a
relatively new discovery of a natural substance, cetyl myristoleate, which
shows promise of making a great contribution in non-infective types of
arthritis.
Cetyl Myristoleate
Cetyl myristoleate was discovered and isolated by one person, working alone,
on a quest to find a cure for arthritis. Harry W. Diehl, while employed by
the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases,
specialized in sugar chemistry. He used his chemical knowledge and research
instincts to great advantage, identifying and characterizing over 500
compounds, several of which were patented by the National Institutes of
Health (NIH). His most significant discovery before cetyl myristoleate was a
method of synthesizing 2-deoxydextroribose, a sugar used in the preparation
of oral polio vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk.(3)
Diehl's interest in discovering a way to help victims of arthritis began
over 40 years ago when his friend and next door neighbor, a carpenter,
developed severe rheumatoid arthritis. His condition deteriorated over time
until he became disabled. The neighbor had a family to support, but his
arthritis made that impossible. Diehl is a deeply religious man whose
feelings overwhelmed him as his friend's condition worsened. Harry thought,
"Here I am working at the National Institutes of Health, and I have never
seen anything that was good for curing arthritis"(4) He decided to establish
a laboratory in his home and embark on a search for something to relieve the
pain and disability of his neighbor and the millions of people who suffer
from arthritis. Unfortunately, he was too late to help the neighbor, but
Diehl's research did lead to the discovery of cetyl myristoleate, which may
someday be hailed as one of the significant nutritional discoveries of the
20th century.
The Quest
As a researcher, Diehl knew that finding a cure for arthritis first meant
inducing the disease experimentally in research animals. He started with
mice, and quickly realized that he was unable to induce arthritis in them.
Diehl said he tried every way he could to give those mice arthritis, but
they just would not get it. Then, he contacted a researcher in California
who wrote to him, "If you or anyone else can give mice arthritis, I want to
know about it, because mice are 100% immune to arthritis."(5) At that
moment, Diehl's research instincts told him that what he wanted was already
somewhere in those mice.
It was a long, tedious job, working on his own in his spare time, but Diehl
finally found the factor -- cetyl myristoleate -- that protected mice from
arthritis. As Diehl said, "It didn't come on a silver platter to me, but
after years of chemical sleuthing and just old-fashioned chemical cooking, I
found it!" On thin layer chromatography of methylene chloride extract from
macerated mice, Diehl noticed a mysterious compound, which was subsequently
identified as cetyl myristoleate. As Diehl was to prove, cetyl myristoleate
circulates in the blood of mice and makes them immune to arthritis.
Cetyl myristoleate is now known to exist in sperm whale oil and in a small
gland in the male beaver. At this time no other sources in nature are known
to contain cetyl myristoleate. While the first amounts of cetyl myristoleate
for experimentation were extracted from mice, Diehl quickly developed a
method for making cetyl myristoleate in the lab by the esterification of
myristoleic acid.
Chemistry
Cetyl myristoleate, an oil, is the hexadecyl ester of the unsaturated fatty
acid cis-9-tetradecenoic acid. The common name for the acid is myristeleic
acid. Myristoleic acid is found commonly in fish oils, whale oils, dairy
butter, and kombo butter. The chemical formula for cetyl myristoleate is
(Z)-ROCO(CH(2))(7)CH=CH(CH(2))(3)CH(3). < >Cetyl myristoleate was unrecorded
in chemical literature until Diehl's discovery was reported. The current
Merck Index of Chemicals does not list cetyl myristoleate. A search of
Chemical Abstracts lists Diehl's method of extracting cetyl myristoleate
from mice but contains no reference to cetyl myristoleate prior to his 1977
patent.
Experimentation
To test his theory that mice are immune to arthritis because of cetyl
myristoleate, Diehl began to experiment on laboratory rats. This research
was reported in an article written in conjunction with one of his colleagues
at NIH in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.(6) In summary, this paper
reports that ten normal mice were injected in the tail with Freund's
Adjuvant (heat-killed desiccated Mycobacterium butyricum) to which rats and
certain other rodents are susceptible. In a period of 10-20 days, no
noticeable swelling developed in the legs or paws. Mice in a second group
were injected in the left hind paw. Again, after 10-20 days, no swelling was
detected as determined by comparison of the measurements of paws at the time
of injection.
Then, a group of rats was injected with cetyl myristoleate, and 48 hours
later, they were given the arthritis-inducing Freund's adjuvant. A control
group of rats was given Freund's adjuvant only. Both groups of rats were
observed for a total of 58 days with respect to weight change, hind and
front leg swelling, and general well-being. All rats receiving only Freund's
adjuvant developed severe swelling of the front and hind legs, lagged in
weight gain, and were lethargic and morbid. Those receiving cetyl
myristoleate before receiving Freund's adjuvant grew an average of 5.7 times
as much as the control group and had little if any evidence of swelling or
other symptoms of polyarthritis.
The authors concluded that it was apparent that cetyl myristoleate gave
virtually complete protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats.
Furthermore, a 1:1 mixture of cetyl myristoleate and a homologue, cetyl
oleate, gave results not significantly different from administering cetyl
myristoleate alone.
A Hiatus
Diehl patented his discovery in 1977, receiving a use patent for rheumatoid
arthritis. He then sought pharmaceutical companies to conduct human trials
with cetyl myristoleate, but none were interested in his discovery. Perhaps
the lack of interest was because cetyl myristoleate was a natural substance
and could not be granted a product patent, or maybe because drug companies
know they will have to run through 25,000 to 35,000 substances before they
find one that makes it to market. Diehl had made a major nutritional
discovery, and no one was interested! Being a scientist, not a marketing
expert, Diehl let his discovery lay dormant for about 15 years.
Cetyl Myristoleate Cures Diehl's Arthritis
As Diehl got older, he began to experience some osteoarthritis in his hands,
his knees, and his heels. His family physician tried the usual regimen of
cortisone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs without much effect on
the course of the disease. Finally his physician told Harry he could not
have any more cortisone. "So," Diehl said, "I thought about my discovery,
and I decided to make a batch and use it on myself." He did, and
successfully cured himself of his osteoarthritis.
Many of his family members and friends became aware of the relief Diehl got
from his discovery, and they wanted to try it too. Time after time, people
with both rheumatoid and osteoarthritis received astounding relief with
cetyl myristoleate. Before long, family members and friends grew into
customers, and cetyl myristoleate appeared on the market as a dietary
supplement in 1991.
Clinical Observations and Usage
In common with many other natural substances and drugs, the exact mechanism
of cetyl myristoleate's physiologic activity is unclear. As a fatty acid
ester, it appears to have the same characteristics as the essential fatty
acids, linoleic and alpha linolenic acids, except stronger and longer
lasting. These fatty acids are referred to as "essential fatty acids"
because the human body cannot make them and we must ingest them in our
diets. These EFA's truly are essential to normal cell structure and body
function and function as components of nerve cells, cell membranes, and
hormone-like substances known as prostaglandins. Many of the beneficial
effects of a diet rich in plant foods is a result of the low levels of
saturated fat and the relatively higher levels of EFA's. While a diet high
in saturated fat has been linked to many chronic diseases, a diet low in
saturated fat but high in EFA's prevents these very same diseases.(7) The
use of EFA's over an extended period of time has been shown to decrease the
pain, inflammation, and limitation of motion of arthritis.(8)
The difference between the activity of EFA's and cetyl myristoleate is that
the quantity required and the period of time over which EFA's are taken are
markedly longer. Cetyl myristoleate is taken in a one month course of about
13 grams, while EFA's must be taken over extended periods, sometimes many
years, and intake varies widely from hundreds to thousands of grams. Cetyl
myristoleate seems to have properties in common with EFA's, but it acts
faster and lasts longer.
Because EFA's are necessary for normal functioning of all tissue, it is not
surprising that the list of symptoms of EFA deficiency is a long one. In
chronic inflammatory processes, the supply of EFA's is depleted. Cetyl
myristoleate appears to have the ability to correct the imbalance created by
chronic inflammation. Like EFA's, maybe cetyl myristoleate turns off the
fires of chronic inflammation by serving as a mediator of prostaglandin
formation and metabolism.
Venous blood from the gastrointestinal tract is carried to the liver via the
portal vein. With the exception of intestinal chylomicrons that enter the
lymphatics, all absorbed products pass initially through the liver, and in
most instances are extracted or modified before passage into systemic
circulation.(9) Since all fatty acids enter systemic circulation through the
liver, an oil like cetyl myristoleate would begin its systemic circulation
from the liver also. It is speculated that cetyl myristoleate stimulates the
production of immunoglobulins and series 1 and 3 prostaglandins, which could
be one explanation for why cetyl myristoleate has such potent effect in
auto-immune and inflammatory conditions.
Cases
Here are some cases involving the use of cetyl myristoleate from the
author's practice.
Leona -- She is a 64 year old mother of five who has been developing
degenerative changes in her fingers over the last 15 years. She plays the
piano frequently and had to reduce the amount of playing time as a result of
the arthritis pain in her fingers. ANA titers have been mildly elevated over
the years and rheumatoid disease has been diagnosed in several of her
ancestors and one sibling. Leona's other medical problems are mild
hypertension and chronic sacrolumbar pain which appears to be attributable
both to sciatic damage sustained in a water skiing accident 24 years ago and
Shunerman's disease as teenager. Demonstrating both rheumatoid and
osteoarthritis changes in her fingers, she has a mild nodular deformity at
the terminal joints of the 3rd and 4th fingers on the left hand and fusiform
swelling in the medial and distal joints of most of her fingers. Her thumbs
were intermittently painful and swollen. She first took cetyl myristoleate
in mid-January, 1997. There is now increased range of motion in all of the
finger joints and visible reduction of the rheumatoid-like swelling. The
nodular deformities have not changed noticeably. Her back problems
demonstrated no improvement. Her sedimentation rate has run from 15 to 35,
and is currently 16, with her ANA <1:360. Leona is now able to play the
piano all she wants to without pain or swelling of her fingers.
Joyce -- She is a 42 year old mother of three and a court reporter in good
general health, suffering only from moderate hayfever in the spring.
Recently Joyce developed a generalized stiffness and soreness in her
fingers, which was worse on her right hand. The condition became so bad over
a couple of weeks that she began making numerous mistakes in her court
reporting and her speed was significantly reduced. She was diagnosed with
tenosynovitis. Joyce shows no deformities of her hands associated with
arthritis. She began a course of cetyl myristoleate during the last week of
February and finished the last week of March, 1997. She reports complete
restoration of her dexterity with return of her normal accuracy and speed,
along with elimination of the associated pain.
Bob -- He is a 67 year-old retired politician who suffered lumbar and pelvic
fractures in WWII when his jeep struck a land mine. Over the years, these
injuries produced increasing pain, which seriously affected routine daily
activities like getting out of bed in the morning and his ability to play
golf. X-rays demonstrate degenerative arthritic changes in the lumbar
articulations and the right sacroiliac joint. At 6 feet tall and 185 pounds,
he is otherwise in good health. Bob has been using anti-inflammatory drugs
for over 20 years, including Voltaren, ibuprofen, Tylenol, and aspirin. He
took a one-half course of 7.6 grams of cetyl myristoleate in September,
1996. He experienced moderately severe inflammation (breakthrough pain) on
day two which lasted for three days. On the 4th day, the pain began to
subside and was completely gone by the 5th day. He has been virtually
pain-free since and is very happy with the increased comfort with which he
can begin each day. He can now comfortably walk the golf course whereas
before he was limited to a golf cart. In February, 1997, he perceived a
slight return of his low back pain and decided to take another one-half
course. He experienced no breakthrough pain this time and is currently
pain-free. He has not taken any other medication for his back pain since
taking cetyl myristoleate initially.
Virginia -- She is an 85 year-old lady who still works part-time at the
family-owned business and cares for her husband who has cancer. Virginia was
diagnosed ten years ago with diabetes, and elevated triglycerides and
cholesterol. Overweight all her life, she is now stable at 265 pounds. She
suffers from long-standing osteoarthritis in her knees and ankles, for which
she was placed on cetyl myristoleate. No other agents have been used by her
for arthritis except for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, both OTC and
prescription. After about 7.6 grams of cetyl myristoleate, she was able to
walk without limping or experiencing significant pain. About three months
following the initial course, some pain returned, but she has retained what
she estimates to be 50% improvement. She also has gallstones and a recurrent
problem with gout, both of which have been symptomless since her cetyl
myristoleate course. She evidently did not receive enough cetyl myristoleate
for her body weight and will be given another course of 13.25 grams.
Rose -- Rose is a 46 year old mother of four who works as a legal secretary.
She was diagnosed five years ago as having an atypical form of multiple
sclerosis. She had MRI exams of the skull and spinal cord, which
demonstrated several areas of non-specific degenerative changes in the brain
with several "bright spots" in the cervical spinal cord. She had periodic
visual aberrations as well as constant fatigue and fibromyalgia-like pains
focused in her trapezius (bilaterally), and in her upper arms and legs below
the knees. She also complained of burning sensations in her hands and feet.
All of the symptoms worsened with elevated stress. There was no sign of
pernicious anemia or diabetes. She was receiving chiropractic therapy. Joyce
was started on numerous naturopathic therapies in March, 1996 without
significant benefit over an eight month period. In November, 1996, she
started on cetyl myristoleate and indicated that she felt more fatigued for
the first three days but that the pain in her upper back and extremities was
completely gone. She further reported that the tingling/burning sensation in
her feet and hands was also gone. Rose felt this was the most striking
aspect of the treatment as those areas were the ones most constantly
affected. This improvement lasted until she had to travel out of state to
tend to her mother who was diagnosed with a rapidly advancing malignancy.
Over the next three weeks, her symptoms began to reappear. After the death
of her mother, she returned home in as bad shape as before first taking
cetyl myristoleate. She decided that she wanted to take another half course
of cetyl myristoleate, which completely duplicated the relief from the
initial dosage with the exception that she feels slightly less relief from
her tendencies to fatigue than she did after the first course. Rose will be
taking another half course to see if she can improve her stamina.
J.P. -- He is a 60 year old male who has been a farmer his entire life.
Diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis 15 years ago, he has been on various
pharmacologic protocols during that time. The most recent includes Plaquenil,
methotrexate, and prednisone, with daily non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug dosing. J.P. has fusiform swelling involving most of the joints of his
fingers and moderate ulnar deviation of both hands. He suffered severe pain
most of the time which limited the labor he could perform. He began cetyl
myristoleate during the last week of February, 1997, at which time he
terminated his methotrexate and Plaquenil (not recommended except in
consultation with a qualified physician). He has also reduced his prednisone
from 15 milligrams per day to 5 mg, but he still maintains his NSAID dosing
on a daily basis. J.P. experienced a mild increase in pain during the first
four days of taking cetyl myristoleate, but since then he has been pain free
and the swelling in his hands is reducing. J.P. will be monitored over the
next month to determine his stability, with checking of his serum parameters
by an MD. If he continues to remain symptom-free, his steroid and NSAID
therapies will be terminated. J.P. does not smoke, eat chocolate, nor drink
alcohol or caffeinated beverages. He was advised at the onset of his cetyl
myristoleate dosage to avoid sugar. He is also taking Glucosaplex (a mix of
glucosamines) and Lyprinol (fatty acid extract of green lipped mussel) as an
additional natural anti-inflammatory agent.
Optimizing the Effects of Cetyl Myristoleate
Since the days of Paracelsus, physicians have been combining therapeutic
agents for synergistic effects, or to achieve potentiation of several
compounds. As powerful a nutrient as it is, the effects of cetyl
myristoleate can be helped by combining it with other natural substances.
Two or three grams daily of omega-3 fish oil or two tablespoonfulls of
flaxseed oil during the month-long course of cetyl myristoleate can help its
effects. This should be accompanied by 300-500 mg of Vitamin E daily. A
minimum of 1,500 mg of glucosamine sulfate should be taken daily for at
least three months to assist in rebuilding cartilage damaged by degenerative
arthritis. In severe cases, three to six grams of glucosamine daily for one
month and reduced to 1,500 mg daily for three months has been found to be
very effective. Afterwards, a daily maintenance of 500 mg of glucosamine
should be used for healthy cartilage. If stomach upset occurs, glucosamine
should be taken with meals.
Clinical experience has shown that glucosamine sulfate is far superior when
compared to cartilage extracts, such as sea cucumber, hydrolyzed bovine
cartilage, and shark cartilage. This is due to the increased absorption and
utilization of glucosamine sulfate compared to these sources of chrondroitin
sulfates, which are very large molecules and difficult to digest. Animal and
human studies have shown up to 98% absorption of glucosamine,(10,11)
compared to only 8% absorption of chrondroitin sulfate.(12)
One of the reasons that glucosamine sulfate is more effective in rebuilding
cartilage when compared to other sources of glucosamine, including the
N-acetyl and hydrochloride forms, is that it provides bioavailable dietary
sulfur. Sulfur helps provide the protein links necessary for cartilage
matrix repair. Another source of sulfur is methylsulfonylmethane (MSM),
which has been used historically to treat a wide variety of conditions
including allergies, emphysema, arthritis, gastrointestinal upset, and some
vascular conditions. MSM is a metabolite of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and
provides many similar good effects. MSM is found in most natural unprocessed
foods. Because of its volatility, MSM is lost when fresh food is cooked,
processed, or stored. The richest source of MSM is mother's milk;
consequently, very few nursing infants are deficient in dietary sulfur.
As with any oil, cetyl myristoleate requires lipase to be digested. Lipases
are pancreatic enzymes that play a key role in the digestion of fats and fat
soluble vitamins. If lipase is absent or deficient, cetyl myristoleate will
be poorly absorbed, if at all. As many arthritis patients are of the age
when lipase production decreases, approximately 100 mg of lipase enzyme
should be taken with each cetyl myristoleate capsule. In addition to taking
lipase, cholecystectomy patients will need lecithin or ox bile extract to
assure absorption.
Diet can play a role in optimizing the benefits of cetyl myristoleate.
Carbonated cola beverages and citrus juices may block the absorption of
cetyl myristoleate and should be avoided on the days cetyl myristoleate is
taken. Sugar intake should be minimized when taking cetyl myristoleate, and
adding refined sugar to liquids like coffee and tea should be avoided
altogether. Alcohol and caffeine intake should be very limited or eliminated
altogether while combating arthritis and chronic inflammatory conditions.
Reported Results
Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis sufferers report striking
improvement with cetyl myristoleate. Numerous private correspondence
describes decreased stiffness and pain, and increased flexibility and range
of motion with cetyl myristoleate. Swelling and redness is reduced in
rheumatoid arthritis. Writers describe other health benefits, including
positive effect of cetyl myristoleate on emphysema, hepatitis, hypertension,
diabetes, eczema, psoriasis, colds, allergies, low back pain, and headaches.
These reported improvements in general health status are not surprising
since each of these conditions could be associated with deficiency in the
balance of EFA's.
Like everything else, cetyl myristoleate does not work 100% of the time.
Failure to work can be associated with failure to follow the dietary
recommendations; failure to use lipase in conjunction with each capsule of
cetyl myristoleate; failure to take a sufficient amount of cetyl
myristoleate; failure of the liver to uptake and respond to the cetyl
myristoleate; and, misdiagnosis in which the condition is not really an
arthritis-type condition.
Dosage
Cetyl myristoleate is taken in a one month course. A total dose of 12 to 15
grams appears to be indicated. This is usually enough for most people, but
for osteoarthritis sufferers, the dose appears to be related to the number
of sites in which cartilage has worn away. For example, a patient with
osteoarthritis of the knees could expect 10 to 15 grams to be sufficient in
most cases, while a patient with osteoarthritis of 5 or 6 spinal discs, both
hips, and both knees may require an additional 5 to 10 grams, or even a full
second course. Some of the patients treated by the author would likely have
benefited even more from their cetyl myristoleate usage with the larger
doses now recommended.
Contraindications and Toxicity
With the tens of thousands of people who have taken cetyl myristoleate there
have been no confirmed reports of adverse side effects. In common with fish
oils, it may produce some mild burping in some people which passes within an
hour. There have been no reported interactions with other medications or
natural substances, and other substances (except those mentioned above as
diet considerations) do not interfere with cetyl myristoleate.
While teratogenicity of cetyl myristoleate is probably the same as for EFA's,
as a safety matter cetyl myristoleate should not be used by pregnant or
lactating women until studies of cetyl myristoleate's effects on fetuses and
infants have been done. As with any substance being added to the diet of
anyone with asthma or a history of severe allergic reactions, caution is
advised and cetyl myristoleate should be used in these cases under the
direct supervision of a health care professional.
Toxicity studies have been performed on cetyl myristoleate and the lack of
toxicity is evident. Test results deemed cetyl myristoleate a non-toxic
material in accordance with Federal regulations. Mega-doses were given to
test animals with no ill effects. Necropsy of test animals showed no ill
effects on their internal organs).(13) The LD50 of cetyl myristoleate was
not established, but it can be presumed to far exceed 10 grams per kilogram
of body weight.
Correspondence:
Dr. Charles L. Cochran
226 Lake Court
Aptos, California 95003 USA
Dr. Raymond Dent
RR 1, Box 169
Lymington Road
Limmerick, Maine 04048 USA
References
(1.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary, 25th Ed.
(2.) Shils, Olson, and Shike. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Lea &
Febigen, 1994. Philadelphia, PA. p. 1480
(3.) Diehl, H. W. and Fletcher, H. G., A
Simplified Preparation of 2-Deoxy-D-ribose Based on Treatment of a-D-Glucose
Monohydrate with Solid Calcium Hydroxide, Archives of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, Vol. 78, No. 2, Dec. 1958
(4.) Wright, M.D., J., and Gaby, M.D., A, Nutrition and Healing, August,
1996, Vol.3, Issue 8, paraphrase from page 5.
(5.) Private correspondence to H. W. Diehl, Rockville, Md. from Dr. Fay
Wood, Univ. of Cal., Berkeley, 1969
(6.) Diehl, H. W. and May, E. L., Cetyl Myristoleate Isolated from Swiss
Albino Mice: An Apparent Protective Agent against Adjuvant Arthritis in
Rats. Jour. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 83, No. 3, Mar, 94 pp296-299.
(7.) Murray, M. T. Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements, Prima
Publishing, Rocklin, CA 1996 p. 237
(8.) Sobel, D. and Klein, A. C.. Arthritis: What Works. St. Martins Press,
New York, NY. pp. 221-225
(9.) Shils, Olson, and Shike. Ibid. pg. 550.
(10.) Setnikar, I., et al., Pharmacokinetics of glucosamine in man. Arztneim
Forsch 43 (10), 1109-1113, 1993
(11.) Setnikar, I., et al., Pharmacokinetics of glucosamine in the dog and
man. Arztneim Forsch 36(4), 729-735, 1986.
(12.) Morrison, M., Therapeutic applications of chrondroitin-4-sulfate,
appraisal of biologic properties. Folia Angiol 25, 225-232, 1977.
(13.) Leberco Testing, Inc., Jan. 22, 1996, private correspondence
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